Kernel Modules

As always, maybe new kernel modules will have to be dynamically loaded; so, should the kernel have been updated since last boot, reboot first, otherwise the (newer) modules will not match the currently running, older kernel.

Before first inserting a 3G device, we advise to record the already loaded kernel modules, in order to detect the additional ones that are needed by said device.

For example, as root:

$ lsmod > ~/lsmod-before.txt
# Connect 3G device and wait a bit (e.g. LED blinking)
$ lsmod > ~/lsmod-after.txt
$ diff ~/lsmod-before.txt ~/lsmod-after.txt

In our case, the option and usb_wwan modules were loaded, so we ensured that, from now then, they were automatically loaded at boot (to avoid that a later kernel update block their loading), by creating a /etc/modules-load.d/for-3g-keys.conf file with following content (just one module per line):

option
usb_wwan

USB Identifiers & Mode Switches

The connected key will then appear as a USB device, with a USB ID in the form of vendor_id:product_id, which can be for example be obtained thanks to lsusb.

For example, at connection, our K3G-1 key will appear as:

Bus 003 Device 096: ID 12d1:141b Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Unfortunately, this does not correspond to a (3G) modem, but to a mass storage: most keys will be detected as such (e.g. as CD-ROM players), as they comprise a built-in ROM (if not an additional MicroSD slot) where typically the vendor (Windows-only) drivers are located. These drivers, once installed, will switch the operating mode of their key, from mass storage to modem.

Here such drivers are of no use, and what we want is to switch directly the keys to modems.

For that, as root, following package shall be installed first:

$ pacman -Sy usb_modeswitch

It should install a udev rule file (/usr/lib/udev/rules.d/40-usb_modeswitch.rules) suitable for most 3G devices (otherwise you will have to enrich it).

Then the key should be plugged again; the vendor identifier is not expected to change, but the product identifier should, so that the key is now considered as a modem. journatctl -xe should allow to check.

For example, once connected, our K3G-1 key is to spontaneously switch (almost immediately) from the previous:

Bus 003 Device 096: ID 12d1:141b Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

to a newer:

Bus 003 Device 060: ID 12d1:1446 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. HSPA modem

Bye bye mass storage, hello modem!

This mode switch can also be done manually, like in, this time for K3G-2:

$ sudo usb_modeswitch --verbose -J -v 0x12d1 -p 0x1446

lsusb would then ultimately report, for K3G-2:

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 12d1:1003 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. E220 HSDPA Modem / E230/E270/E870 HSDPA/HSUPA Modem

Managing /dev/ttyUSB* entries

Should the relevant kernel modules be available, at least one entry shall appear as /dev/ttyUSB* when a USB 3G device is connected and correctly recognised by the system.

For example, /dev/ttyUSB0, /dev/ttyUSB1, /dev/ttyUSB2 and /dev/ttyUSB3 may appear, sometimes only after a few seconds. Only a subset of them will be usable.

A test with Gammu will tell them apart.

So, first, that tool shall be installed.

One's distribution should provide it, as it is fairly standard:

$ pacman -Sy gammu

It should notably provide the Gammu library (e.g. in /usr/lib64/libGammu.so.8.1.42.0) and the various Gammu header (e.g. the /usr/include/gammu/gammu/gammu*.h).

With this package comes the /usr/bin/gammu executable (of course relying on said library), which is useful to test one's configuration.

The executable may read its test configuration from /etc/gammurc, whose content may be, for example in order to test whether /dev/ttyUSB1 (the tty that we use for K3G-2) is relevant:

[gammu]
device = /dev/ttyUSB1
connection = at
logfile = /var/log/gammu-ceylan.log
logformat = textalldate

To check whether one's 3G device is supported by the system, one may use:

$ gammu --identify

Note that each operation is bound to last for a few (around 3-4) seconds before returning.

Hopefully one will not end up with following information returned:

Can not access SIM card.

or even worse:

No response in specified timeout. Probably phone not connected.

but, after maybe some trials and errors (start by testing various /dev/ttyUSB* devices and connection settings), with something like (IDs edited for obvious reasons):

Device               : /dev/ttyUSB1
Manufacturer         : Huawei
Model                : E17X (E17X)
Firmware             : 11.304.20.01.00
IMEI                 : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
SIM IMSI             : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Congratulations, the operating system supports, at least to some extent, your device!

A problem will be afterwards that the numbers involved in the tty pseudofiles are bound to change - based on, notably, the use of the other USB ports.

So a better approach will be to use udev in order to give them a stable name, such as /dev/ttyUSB-my-3G-key, thanks to a rule typically written in /etc/udev/rules.d/98-usb-my-3G-key.rules, whose content would be:

SUBSYSTEM=="tty", ATTRS{idVendor}=="12d1", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1446", \
   SYMLINK+="ttyUSB-my-3G-key"

Then one should run:

$ udevadm control --reload-rules && udevadm trigger

Once the key is inserted again, it should be available with its new, stable name.

It can be checked more in-depth:

$ udevadm info --query=all --name=ttyUSB-my-3G-key
 P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-3/2-3:1.1/ttyUSB1/tty/ttyUSB1
 N: ttyUSB1
 L: 0
 S: ttyUSB-my-3G-key
 S: serial/by-path/pci-0000:00:14.0-usb-0:3:1.1-port0
 S: serial/by-id/usb-HUAWEI_Technologies_HUAWEI_Mobile-if01-port0
 [...]

One may ensure thanks to fuser that no component (Network Manager or alike) took control of it:

$ fuser -va /dev/ttyUSB-my-3G-key
                USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/ttyUSB1:

(as intended, no controller process in the way here)

To interact with such a /dev/ttyUSB* file, the user (let's name him sheldon) must be in the uucp group; so, as root:

$ gpasswd -a sheldon uucp

And, as sheldon:

$ newgrp uucp

We re-use that group so that this non-privileged user can also write in the Gammu log file we specified; as root:

$ touch /var/log/gammu-ceylan.log
$ chgrp uucp /var/log/gammu-ceylan.log

This should be sufficient so that sheldon is able to send SMS, not involving root anymore in the process.

Wrapping-up Telecom Configuration

Now, with that user, is time for a bit of configuration before testing.

One may use:

$ gammu getsecuritystatus

to ensure that no PIN code is required before using the 3G device (hence expecting as answer: Nothing to enter.).

Various calls can be made in order to convince oneself that the key operates properly:

$ gammu battery
Battery level        : 0 percent
Charge state         : battery connected and is being charged

$ gammu getallsms
0 SMS parts in 0 SMS sequences

The SMSC number of the carrier having issued one's SIM card must be set before any actual SMS sending:

$ gammu setsmsc 1 "+33695000XYZ"

Should this operation fail, it may be a sign that the 3G device is still locked.

This can be checked:

$ gammu getsmsc
Location             : 1
Number               : "+33695000XYZ"
Default number       : ""
Format               : Text
Validity             : Maximum time

Then a SMS can be sent, assuming TARGET_NUMBER has been set to some sensible number (like one's mobile), and root is used at first to overcome any permission issue:

$ gammu sendsms TEXT ${TARGET_NUMBER} -text "Hello world!"
If you want break, press Ctrl+C...
Sending SMS 1/1....waiting for network answer..OK, message reference=50

As the SMSC has just been set previously, one should not get Failed to get SMSC number from phone.

This can be monitored:

$ gammu monitor 1
Press Ctrl+C to break...
Entering monitor mode...

Enabling info about incoming SMS    : No error.
SMS message received
[...]
We already have one pending, ignoring this one!
SMS message received
Enabling info about incoming CB     : Security error. Maybe no PIN?
Enabling info about calls           : No error.
Enabling info about USSD            : No error.
SIM phonebook        :   0 used, 250 free
Dialled numbers      :  10 used,   0 free
Received numbers     :   0 used,  10 free
Missed numbers       :   0 used,  10 free
Own numbers          :   1 used,   4 free
Phone phonebook      :   0 used, 100 free
Battery level        : 0 percent
Charge state         : battery connected and is being charged
Signal strength      : -51 dBm
Network level        : 100 percent
SIM SMS status       : 9 used, 0 unread, 50 locations
Phone SMS status     : 0 used, 0 unread, 255 locations
Network state        : home network
Network              : 208 15 (XXX Mobile, France), LAC F8F, CID XYZ
Packet network state : home network
Packet network       : 208 15 (XXX Mobile, France), LAC F8F, CID UVW
GPRS                 : attached
Location 4, folder "Inbox", SIM memory, Inbox folder
SMS message
SMSC number          : "+33695000XYZ"
Sent                 : Sat Dec 22 21:22:14 2018 +0100
Coding               : Default GSM alphabet (no compression)
Remote number        : "+XXXXXXX"
Status               : UnRead
[...]
Leaving monitor mode...

Then the same could be attempted with this time a non-priviledged user (e.g. the previous sheldon one). If the Gammu sendsms command fails with "Can not open specified file", probably that the permissions onto the log file whose path is specified in the Gammu configuration file have not been appropriately updated (see the uucp group above).

Once successful, one will be able to send SMS back and forth between the 3G device and "normal" smartphones:

$ gammu getallsms

With this first support, one will be able to fight encodings (e.g. for special characters), SMS parts (e.g. for messages too large for a single SMS) and sequences. MMS should provide a lot of fun too.

Currently, with Ceylan-Mobile, one is able to fetch various information from the device, and to send SMS (regular or multipart ones, with GSM 7bit encoding or with UCS-2 one, of various SMS classes), knowing that all settings (except the message itself and the recipient number) can be transparently managed by Ceylan-Mobile. See this example as a first guideline.

Erlang Environment

Refer to the corresponding Myriad prerequisite section for guidelines - knowing that Ceylan-Mobile does not need modules with conditional support such as crypto or wx.

C Environment

One may use a recent-enough version of GCC (e.g. pacman -Sy gcc).

Gammu Conventions

Gammu must be installed and configured.

Most distributions support Gammu packages; see as a guideline our corresponding installation script for continuous integration.

Once installed and run, the Gammu configuration file will be searched, on POSIX systems, first as ~/.gammurc, then as /etc/gammurc (amid other locations; we tend to prefer ~/.config/gammu/config).

For debugging purposes, using the dummy driver is quite convenient.

So for example one could have following content for /etc/gammurc [3]:

[gammu]
port = /tmp/gammu-dummy-device/
model = dummy
connection = none
synchronizetime = yes
logfile =
logformat = nothing
use_locking =
gammuloc =

Create that directory (as the user that is to make use of Gammu) first:

$ mkdir /tmp/gammu-dummy-device

Otherwise you get: you don't have the required permission..

It will populate this directory with data faking a real smartphone:

/tmp/gammu-dummy-device
--- alarm
--- calendar
--- fs
|__ |-- incoming
--- note
--- operations.log
--- pbk
|__ --- DC
|__ --- MC
|__ --- ME
|__ --- RC
|__ |__ SM
--- sms
|__ --- 1
|__ --- 2
|__ --- 3
|__ --- 4
|__ |__ 5
|__ todo

Then you may have:

$ gammu --identify
Device               : /tmp/gammu-dummy-device/
Manufacturer         : Gammu
Model                : unknown (Dummy)
Firmware             : 1.42.0 EN CS (20150101)
Hardware             : FOO DUMMY BAR
IMEI                 : 999999999999999
Original IMEI        : 666666666666666
Manufactured         : April
Product code         : DUMMY-001
SIM IMSI             : 994299429942994

Myriad, Seaplus and Mobile

Once proper Erlang and C environments are available and Gammu is setup, the Ceylan-Myriad repository should be cloned and built, before doing the same with the Ceylan-Seaplus repository and then this Ceylan-Mobile repository. This can be done directly (manually) or thanks to rebar3 (automatically).

Then one will be able to enjoy using one's mobile from Erlang.

$ git clone https://github.com/Olivier-Boudeville/Ceylan-Myriad myriad
$ cd myriad && make all && cd ..
$ git clone https://github.com/Olivier-Boudeville/Ceylan-Seaplus seaplus
$ cd seaplus && make all && cd ..
$ git clone https://github.com/Olivier-Boudeville/Ceylan-Mobile mobile
$ cd mobile && make all

$ git clone https://github.com/Olivier-Boudeville/Ceylan-Mobile.git mobile
$ cd mobile
$ rebar3 compile

Testing Ceylan-Mobile

To test the current functional coverage, once the prerequisites (Myriad and Seaplus) and Mobile itself have been secured (for that refer to either Using Cutting-Edge GIT or Using Rebar3), one may run mobile_test.erl; from the root of the Ceylan-Mobile clone (once built, and assuming here using the dummy Gammu driver - so that the test can be run even if having no functional 3G device):

$ cd test
$ make mobile-test
       Running unitary test mobile_run (second form) from mobile_test mobile.beam
 --> Testing module mobile_test.

 Testing the Ceylan-Mobile service.
 Back-end information: {gammu,{1,40,0}}.
 Device manufacturer: Gammu.
 Device model: Dummy.
 Firmware information: revision is '1.40.0', date is '20150101' and revision number is 1.4.
 IMEI code: '999999999999999'.
 Hardware information: 'FOO DUMMY BAR'.
 IMSI code: '994299429942994'.
 Signal quality: signal strength is 42 dBm (42%), error rate is 0%.
 [...]

One may also have a look at the resulting Seaplus log (e.g. seaplus-driver.27168.log; timestamps removed for terseness):

[debug] Starting Seaplus session...
[debug] Starting the Seaplus C driver, with a buffer of 32768 bytes.
[trace] At start-up: currently allocated blocks: 0; length of freelist: 0.
[trace] Driver started.
[debug] Starting Gammu.
[debug] Executing get_backend_information/0.
[debug] Executing get_device_manufacturer/0.
[debug] Executing get_device_model/0.
[debug] Executing get_firmware_information/0.
[debug] Executing get_imei_code/0.
[debug] Executing get_hardware_information/0.
[debug] Executing get_imsi_code/0.
[debug] Executing get_signal_quality/0.
[...]
[debug] Stopping Gammu.
[debug] Stopping the Seaplus C driver.
[trace] At stop: currently allocated blocks: 0; length of freelist: 0.
[debug] Stopping Seaplus session.